Insights from the Evolution of Modern German Sports Policies for the Development of Mass Sports in China

Abstract

Abstract: This study examines the historical evolution of modern German sports policy, tracing its transformation from early educational reforms and Nazi politicization to the divided models of East and West Germany, and finally to the post-reunification, club-based, socially driven system. It aims to identify policy insights that can inform the development of mass sports in China. The analysis reveals that West Germany’s Golden Plan and nationwide fitness campaigns, underpinned by a decentralized club model, fostered broad participation and sustainable foundations for elite sport. In contrast, East Germany’s state-centered approach achieved elite success but limited mass involvement. After reunification, Germany prioritized participation-based development to balance social inclusion with competitive excellence. Drawing on these lessons, the paper recommends that China promote the socialization of grassroots sports organizations, integrate market and government mechanisms, enhance multi-tiered competitions, improve public access to sports facilities, and strengthen the dissemination of scientific fitness knowledge. The study concludes that prioritizing mass sports within the national strategy is vital for China’s transition from a “large sporting nation” to a “strong sporting nation.”